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Global commons is a term typically used to describe international, supranational, and global resource domains in which common-pool resources are found. Global commons include the earth's shared natural resources, such as the high oceans, the atmosphere, outer space and the Antarctic in particular. 〔http://www.unep.org/delc/GlobalCommons/tabid/54404/〕Cyberspace may also meet the definition of a global commons. ==Definition and usage== Global commons is a term typically used to describe international, supranational, and global resource domains in which common-pool resources are found. In economics, common goods are rivalrous and non-excludable, constituting one of the four main types of goods.〔For current definitions of public goods see any mainstream microeconomics textbook, e.g.: Hal R. Varian, ''Microeconomic Analysis'' ISBN 0-393-95735-7; Mas-Colell, Whinston & Green, ''Microeconomic Theory'' ISBN 0-19-507340-1; or Gravelle & Rees, ''Microeconomics'' ISBN 0-582-40487-8.〕 A common-pool resource, also called a common property resource, is a special case of a common good (or public good) whose size or characteristics makes it costly, but not impossible, to exclude potential users. Examples include both natural or human-made resource domains (e.g., a "fishing hole" or an irrigation system). Unlike global public goods, global common-pool resources face problems of congestion, overuse, or degradation because they are subtractable (which makes them rivalrous). The term "commons" is intertwined with the English social history of the "commons" and the "enclosure." "Commons" referred to traditional rights such as mowing meadows for hay or grazing livestock on common land held in the open field system of old English common law; "enclosure" was the law that ended those traditional rights, converting open fields to private property. Today, some commons still exist in England, Wales, Scotland, and the United States, although their extent is much reduced from the millions of acres that existed until the 17th century.〔 *.〕 The term "global commons" is typically used to indicate the earth's shared natural resources, such as the deep oceans, the atmosphere, outer space and the Northern and Southern polar regions, the Antarctic in particular. According to the ''World Conservation Strategy'', a report on conservation published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in collaboration with UNESCO and with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF): Today, the Internet, World Wide Web and resulting cyberspace are often referred to as global commons.〔(Raymond, Mark (2012). "The Internet as a Global Commons?" ''Governing the Internet: Chaos, Control or Consensus?'' The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI). )〕 Other usages sometimes include references to open access information of all kinds, including arts and culture, language and science, though these are more formally referred to as the common heritage of mankind.〔Baslar, Kemal (1998). ''The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind in International Law''. Martinus Nijhoff Pubs. ISBN 978-90-411-0505-9〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「global commons」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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